2009考研英语（二）及答案解析

nts are true EXCEPT _______.

A. Kris Carr is a female writer

B. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.

C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.

D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.

48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________

A. a cancer research organization

B. a group of people who suffer from cancer

C. people who have recovered from cancer

D. people who cope with cancer

49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________

A. she is depressed and likes swearing

B. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctor

C. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctor

D. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor

50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________

A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancer

B. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancer

C. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colors

D. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patients

PASSAGE3.

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:

Should a leader strive to be loved or feared?This question,famously posed by Machiavelli,lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book.Mr.Nye,a former dean of the Kennedy School of Govemment at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council,is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power",based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to "hard power",based on coercion(强迫) and force.

Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.Machiavelli,he notes,concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved."In short,hard power is preferable to soft power.But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.

The context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.In modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.Mr.Nye argues.Instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.The conclusion of The Powers to Lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.

The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.Anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but Mr,Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.He examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.There are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical and contemporary,political and corporate.

Alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions.A recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are requireda leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.

51.From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is ______.

A.well accepted by Joseph Nye

B.very influential till nowadays

C.based on sound theories

D.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists

52.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?

A.Coercion is widespread.

B.Morality is devalued.

C.Power is no longer concentrated.

D.Traditional hierarchies are strengthened

53.In his book the Powers to lead,Mr.Nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.

A.authority

B.context

C.approaches

D.morality

54.Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____.

A.makes little use of management terms

B.summarizes various studies concisely

C.serves as an exit for leadership researchers

D.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders

55.According to the author,the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____.

A.view of changeable leadership

B.definition of good leadership

C.summary of leadership history

D.discussion of moral leadership

PASSAGE4

Questions 56to 60are based on the following passage:

Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag–when the job is done, they earned it.

Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.

The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?

Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. "I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."

56. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Human wars.

B. Economic crisis.

C. America's environmental policies.

D. Global environment in general.

57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is__________.

A. of utmost importance

B. a fight no one can win

C. beyond people's imagination

D. a less significant issue

58. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______.

A. friction

B. contradiction

C. conflict

D. problem

59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?

A. Critical

B. Indifferent

C. Supportive

D. Compromising

60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with___________.

A. the new book written by Fred Krupp

B. how America can fight against global warming

C. the harmful effects of global warming

D. how America can tide over economic crisis

Part Ⅳ Translation

With the nation’s financial system teetering on a cliff. The compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.

Bankers’ excessive risk- taking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has continued, to others in the past, in this case, it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debt-fueled bubble in the economy.

Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back dividing the laws and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain, advantage of the same high-tech securitization to load on more risky mortgage-based assets.

Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices that led banks down in this road, in hopes averting the next crisis, which is likely to involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets. But it is worth examining the root problem of compensation schemes that are tied to short-term profits and revenue’s, and thus encourage bankers to take irresponsible risks.

Section Ⅲ Translation 46. Directions: In this section there is

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